Big+Bang+-+JB

Getting Started

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Rubric: [[file:Space Exploration Adventure Rubric.doc]], [[file:Space Exploration Adventure Rubric.pdf]]
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**Works Cited** **Sources** : Include the source information for all of the magazine articles, reference sources (encyclopedias) and web site pages that were used to complete your project. The source information for encyclopedias may be found at the end or beginning of each entry in iCONN. When using periodicals, the publication information will be at the beginning or end of the article. This needs to be formatted for MLA standards. If it is not labeled 'Source Citation' it can be formatted appropriately by using EasyBib.com. You should use EasyBib for the web sites. The final Works Cited should be listed in alphabetical order by the first word of the source citation. "Milky Way." //Kids InfoBits Presents: Astronomy//. Gale, 2008. Reproduced in Kids InfoBits. Detroit: Gale, 2012. "The Milky Way." //WMAP's Universe//. NASA, 28 June 2010. Web. 06 Mar. 2012. . Vergano, Dan. "Galaxy Bracketed by Big Bubbles." //USA Today// 10 Nov. 2010: 05A. Web. 6 Mar. 2012.
 * Sample:**

"Big Bang Theory." //Astronomy & Space: From the Big Bang to the Big Crunch//. Gale, 2012. //Gale Science In Context//. Web. 9 Mar. 2012. Big Bang." //World of Physics//. Gale, 2012. //Gale Science In Context//. Web. 9 Mar. 2012.
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**Topic: Research Focus** **The Big Bang**

**Notes** 1915, Albert Einstein developed the General Theory of Relativity, which explained how gravity works. When Einstein applied the theory to the whole universe, he found that it made a strange prediction: all of space should be dynamic, either contracting or expanding. Einstein refused to believe his own equations - like all astronomers for thousands of years, he had assumed that the size of the universe was not changing The idea that we live in an expanding universe is one of the most unexpected and important discoveries of 20th century physical science. For tens of thousands of years, everyone, including astronomers, had assumed that the universe was a stable, unchanging stage on which astronomical events played themselves out. But in the 1910s and 1920s, several physicists and astronomers made several discoveries that defied easy explanation. These discoveries came together in the mind of an astronomer named Edwin Hubble, who explained all of them in 1929 with the expanding universe theory. In this project, you will retrace Hubble's steps, seeing the same bizarre phenomena that he saw. You will discover for yourself that the universe is expanding. Hubble's discovery came after 15 years of lucky alignment of theory and observation.

According to most recent cosmological estimates, about 13.7 billion years ago (plus or minus about 200 million years), a big bang, or explosion, occurred that created the universe. The universe began as an infinitely dense, hot fireball, a scrambling of space and time. Within the first second after the " big bang ," gravity came into being. The universe expanded rapidly and became flooded with subatomic particles that slammed into one another, forming protons and neutrons. Three minutes later, when the temperature was a mere 500,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit (277,777,760 degrees Celsius), protons and neutrons formed the nuclei of hydrogen, helium, and lithium (the simplest elements).

It took another five-hundred thousand years for atoms to form and three-hundred million more years for stars and galaxies to begin to appear. Countless stars condensed from swirling nebulae, evolved, and died before Earth's own star, the Sun, and its planets came into being in a galaxy named the Milky Way. It was only four and one-half billion years ago that the solar system was formed from a cloud of dust and gas. This scientifically accepted evolution of the universe is called the big bang theory, the most widely accepted theory today of how the universe began and its evolution over these past 13.7 billion years or so.

How did these small, crowded galaxies form? One way, suggested van Dokkum, involves the interaction of dark matter and hydrogen gas in the nascent universe. Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for most of the universe's mass. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe contained an uneven landscape of dark matter. Hydrogen gas became trapped in puddles of the invisible material and began spinning rapidly in dark matter's gravitational whirlpool, forming stars at a furious rate.

If the universe is expanding, then at some time in the past, it must have started from a single point - an idea known as the big bang. Hubble's discovery, and the later development of the big bang theory, changed astronomy forever. The big bang picture was based on Hubble's plot of distances and redshifts of other galaxies, but the theory also makes several other predictions, each of which has been found to be true by astronomers since Hubble. Among the most important are\

Ask a cosmologist, and you’ll probably learn that the universe was born with the **Big Bang** about 13.7 billion years ago. (Cosmologists study the age of the universe.) At the time of the **Big Bang**, the universe THe big BAng is one of many is a setrises.

The Big Bang is a well-tested [|scientific theory] which is widely accepted within the scientific community because it is the most accurate and comprehensive explanation for the full range of phenomena astronomers observe. Since its conception, [|abundant evidence] has arisen to further validate the model.[|[][|6][|]][|[][|7][|]] [|Georges Lemaître] first proposed what would become the Big Bang theory in what he called his "[|hypothesis] of the primeval atom." Over time, scientists would build on his initial ideas to form the modern synthesis. The framework for the Big Bang model relies on [|Albert Einstein]'s [|general relativity] and on simplifying assumptions (such as [|homogeneity] and [|isotropy] of space). The governing equations had been formulated by [|Alexander Friedmann]. In 1929 [|Edwin Hubble] discovered that the distances to far away [|galaxies] were generally [|proportional] to their [|redshifts]—an idea originally suggested by Lemaître in 1927. Hubble's observation was taken to indicate that all very distant galaxies and clusters have an apparent velocity directly away from our vantage point: the farther away, the higher the apparent velocity.[|[][|8][|]]